GNOME

GNOME

GNOME Shell
Pengembang	The GNOME Project
Rilis pertama	3 Maret 1999
Rilis stabil	3.2.2 / 16 November 2011; 2 bulan lalu
Bahasa pemrograman	C, C++, C#, Javascript[1]
Sistem operasi	Unix-like dengan X11
Bahasa	lebih dari 50 bahasa[2]
Status pengembangan	Aktif
Jenis	Lingkungan desktop
Lisensi	GPL dan LGPL
Situs web	gnome.org

GNOME adalah lingkungan desktop dan antarmuka grafik pengguna yang berjalan di atas sistem operasi. GNOME secara keseluruhan terdiri dari perangkat lunak bebas dan gratis. GNOME merupakan proyek internasional untuk menciptakan kerangka, aplikasi perangkat lunak untuk desktop, dan juga untuk mengatur peluncuran, penanganan file dan manajemen tugas jendela (window).
GNOME adalah bagian dari proyek GNU dan dapat digunakan di kebanyakan sistem operasi Unix-like, kebanyakan Linux dan OpenSolaris desktop.

Nama

Awalnya "GNOME" merupakan akronim dari GNU Network Object Model Environment, sesuai dengan rencana awalnya untuk mendistribuskikan kerangka objek yang mirip dengan Microsoft's OLE^[3]; namun akronim ini sudah tidak dipakai^[4] karena sudah tidak sesuai dengan visi proyek GNOME.

Sejarah

GNOME dimulai pada Agustus 1997 oleh Miguel de Icaza dan Federico Mena^[5] sebagai proyek perangkat lunak bebas untuk mengembangkan lingkungan desktop dan aplikasinya.^[6] GNOME dimulai karena KDE, proyek lingkungan desktop (yang juga merupakan perangkat lunak bebas), bergantung pada Qt toolkit yang pada waktu itu memakai lisensi Proprietari^[7]. Sebagai ganti dari Qt, GNOME memilih kerangka GTK+. Lisensi GTK+ adalah GNU Lesser General Public License (LGPL), lisensi perangkat lunak bebas yang mengijinkan pemakaian ke lisensi lain seperti lisensi Proprietary^[8]. GNOME sendiri dilisensi di bawah LGPL untuk datanya dan Lisensi Publik Umum GNU (GNU GPL) untuk aplikasinya.
Perusahaan perangkat lunak California, Eazel mengembangkan pengatur file Nautilus dari 1999 sampai 2001. De Icaza dan Nat Friedman kemudian menemukan kode helix (selanjutnya disebut Ximian) pada 1999 di Massachusetts. Perusahaan itu mengembangkan infrastruktur dan aplikasi GNOME, dan pada 2003 perusahaan itu dibeli Novell.
GNOME 2.x (rilis GNOME sebelumnya) sangat mirip dengan lingkungan desktop konvensional, menyajikan desktop yang simpel di mana pengguna dapat berinteraksi dengan objek virtual, seperti jendela, ikon, dan file. GNOME 2.x menggunakan Metacity sebagai pengatur jendela standarnya. Pengaturan jendela, aplikasi dan file dalam GNOME 2 mirip dengan kebanyakan sistem operasi desktop. Pada pengaturan standar GNOME 2, desktop memiliki menu peluncur untuk akses cepat ke are program untuk menampilkan program dan lokasi file; jendela terbuka dapat diakses dari taskbar di bawah layar, dan di atas kanan tersedia area notifikasi bagi program yang berjalan di latar belakang. Namun posisi itu dapat diubah pengguna ke mana saja atau diganti dengan fungsi lain atau ditiadakan.

Kontroversi pada Platform yang Didukung

Pada Mei 2011 Lennart Poettering mengusulkan systemd sebagai kerangka utama dalam perilisan GNOME selanjutnya^[9]. Systemd hanya tersedia di Linux, pembicaraan selanjutnya mengarah kepada kemungkinan dicabutnya dukungan pada beberapa platform. Usulan itu menuai kritik yang sangat banyak^[10][11], beberapa orang lebih suka GNOME didirikan di atas Kernel Linux.^[12]
Diskusi tersebut diakhiri tanpa kesimpulan, namun pada peluncuran GNOME 3.2, diumumkan bahwa GNOME 3.4 akan diliris dengan systemd^[13].

Tujuan Proyek GNOME

Menurut website GNOME^[14]}}:

Proyek GNOME menyediakan 2 hal: Lingkungan desktop GNOME, desktop yang intuitif dan menarik bagi pengguna, dan platform pengembangan GNOME, sebuah kerangka lanjutan untuk membuat aplikasi yang terintegrasi dengan desktop dan antarmuka ponsel pengguna.

Proyek GNOME berfokus pada kesimpelan, ketersediagunaan, dan membuat segala hal "bekerja". Sasaran lain proyek adalah:

• Kebebasan - untuk menciptakan lingkungan desktop yang siap menyediakan source code untuk penggunaan ulang lisensi perangkat lunak.
• Aksesibilitas - untuk memastikan desktop dapat digunakan oleh setiap orang, walaupun memiliki keterbatasan teknis atau fisik.
• Internasionalisasi dan Lokalisasi - untuk menyediakan desktop dalam berbagai bahasa. Saat ini, GNOME sedang diterjemahkan ke 175 bahasa^[15] .
• Kecocokan Pengembangan - untuk memastikan perangkat lunak yang mudah ditulis dan diintegrasikan dengan desktop, dan menawarkan developer piliham bahasa pemrograman secara bebas.
• Organisasi - untuk mengeluarkan siklus rilis yang teratur dan menjaga disiplin struktur komunitas.
• Dukungan - untuk memastikan dukungan dari institusi lain di komunitas GNOME.

Penampilan

Sampai perilisan GNOME 3.x, GNOME didesain dengan komputasi desktop tradisional metaphor. Pengguna dapat mengganti penampilan desktop lewat tema, yang biasanya terdiri dari set ikon, manajemen ujung jendela dan generator parameter GTK+. Tema standar sekarang adalah Adwaita. Panduan antarmuka membantu pengembang menciptakan aplikasi yang terlihat dan berinteraksi mirip dengan aplikasi lain, yang menghasilkan pengalaman kohesi GNOME.
GNOME telah berevoliso dari desktop tradisional menjadi sebuah antarmuka dimana penggantian antara tugas dan ruang kerja virtual berbeda dilakukan di area baru yang disebut overview. GNOME yang telah didesain ulang telah menghasilkan perubahan yang signifikan: dirilis sebagai antarmuka baru bagi GNOME, GNOME Shell menggantikan GNOME Panel; Mutter menggantikan Metacity sebagai manajer jendela standar; tombol minimize dan maximize ditiadakan secara standar. Banyak program standar GNOME juga ditiadakan kare pendesainan ulang untuk menyajikan pengalaman pengguna yang konsisten dan tersatukan,
Pada konfigurasi standar GNOME, panel atas desktop memiliki (dari kiri ke kanan) tombol aktivitas, jam, area status sistem dan menu pengguna. Mengklik pada tombol aktivitas atau menggerakkan tetikus pada ujung kiri atas akan membuat desktop ke mode overview. Area status sistem memiliki indikator sistem seperti suara, Bluetooth, Network, status baterai, dan aksesibilitas. Menu pengguna dapat menjadi indikator obrolan, pintasan ke konfigurasi sistem, dan manajer sesi seperti menukar pengguna, log out, mengunci layar, atau suspend komputer. Mode overview (yang diakses dengan menekan tombol aplikasi atau menggerakkan mouse ke pojok kiri atas) menampilkan pilihan jendela, pengganti tempat kerja di kanan, dan pilihan aplikasi (dash) di kiri, tombol jendela, tombol aplikasi, dan bar pencarian. Pemilih jendela menyediakan cara untuk berpindah ke jendela lain; cara mudah untuk menutup beberapa jendela sekaligus dengan mudah; dan memberikan pengguna informasi cepat tentang aktivitas saat ini. Panel aplikasi memberikan cara cepat untuk meluncurkan aplikasi. Pintasan dash memberikan tempat untuk aplikasi favorit dan jendela yang sedang terbuka. Dan juga pada antarmuka standar, ada notifikasi sistem baru. Dalam GNOME 3, notifikasi keluar dari bawah layar, tidak di kanan atas layar seperti pada GNOME 2.x.^[16]

Aksesibilitas

Semenjak GNOME 2.0, salah satu fokus GNOME adalah aksesibilitas. Salah satunya dengan membuat GNOME Human Interface Guidelines (HIG). Dengan mengikuti panduan, pengembang dapat membuat program antarmuka grafik yang berkualitas tinggi, konsisten dan aksesibel, seperti yang diusulkan untuk membuat antarmuka grafik pixel-based layout of widget.
Selama revisi GNOME 2.0, banyak konfigurasi yang dinilai tidak bernilai bagi kebanyakan pengguna ditiadakan. Contohnya, panel pada sesi preferensi dikurangkan dari enam dialog menjadi hanya satu dengan 2 tab. Havoc Pennington menjelaskan kerja aksesibilitas dalam essainya pada 2002 "Free Software UI", menekankan ide bahwa semua preferensi memiliki biaya, dan lebih baik untuk merekatkan perangkat lunak ketimbang menambahkan antarmuka pengguna dan untuk itu"

Perangkat lunak tradisional dapat dikonfigurasi sehingga perangkat lunak tersebut memili semua fitur yang dimiliki semua aplikasi yang ekuivalen dalam sejarah platfform yang lain. Atau bahkan dapat dikonfigurasi menjadi bersatu untuk semua aplikasi yang semua orang pernah lihat dalam sejarah (Emacs *uhuk*)

Apakah ini menyakitkan semuanya? Ya. Ini menunjukkan bahwa preferensi mempunyai biaya. Tentu saja, beberapa preferensi memiliki keuntungan yang penting - dan antarmuka fitur yang krusial, Tapi semuanya punya biaya, dan anda harus memikirkan bayarannya. Kebanyakan pengguna dan pengembang tidak mengerti ini, dan berakhir dengan biaya yang tinggi dengan keuntungan yang rendah untuk preferensi mereka.

—Havoc Pennington^[17]

Semenjak perilisan GNOME 3, desktop tradisional metaphor telah ditinggalkan dan digantikan oleh GNOME Shell. Penggantian ini mendapatkan reaksi yang beragam dari komunitas, dan hasilnya belom jelas sampai saat ini. Desktop MATÉ telah ditonjolkan dari GNOME 2, dan bertujuan untuk menampilkan antarmuka GNOME 2 yang tradisional dan menjaga kompatibilitas dengan GNOME 3.

Adopsi

GNOME tersedia dalam hampir semu distribus Linux dan BSD dan menjadi lingkungan desktop standar bagi beberapa distribusi Linux (seperti Ubuntu dan Fedora). Juga diinstall dengan Solaris sebagai bagian dari desktop OpenSolaris (sebelumnya dikenal dengan Java Desktop System) sampai Solaris Express 10/04 dirilis^[18].

Pengembangan

Seperti kebanyakan proyek perangkat lunak bebas, proyek GNOME diatur secara longgar. Diskusi terjadi secara berkala pada beberapa mailing list umum^[19]. Pengembang dan pengguna GNOME berkumpul pada pertemuan GUADEC untuk mendiskusikan keadaan proyek dan arah masa depan.
GNOME sering menggabungkan standar dengan freedesktop.org untuk membuat aplikasi GNOME menjadi lebih cocok dengan desktop lain, menambahkan kooperasi dan kompetisi.

Subproject

GNOME memiliki banyak proyek-proyek, berikut adalah proyek major GNOME:

• GNOME Shell - antarmuka pengguna GNOME 3.
• GSettings - sistem penyimpanan konfigurasi. (menggantikan GConf)
• GVFS - sistem file virtual.
• GNOME Keyring - bersama Seahorse menjadi tempat penyimpanan kunci enkripsi dan informasi keamanan.
• GNOME Translation project - bertujuan menerjemahkan dokumen dan aplikasi ke bahasa lain.
• GTK+ - sebuah kerangka untuk membuat aplikasi grafik. GTK+ adalah kerangka dasar GNOME, sehingga GNOME mendapatkan beberapa keuntungan seperti penggantian tema dan grafik yang teranti-alias. Subproyek dari GTK+ adalah untuk menyediakan object-orientated programming support (GObject), dukungan ekstensif karakter internasional dan susunan text (Pango) dan aksesibilitas (ATK). GTK+ membutuhkan lebih sedikit sumber daya untuk menjalankan GNOME di platform lain seperti Windows dan Mac.
• Human Interface Guidelines(HIG) - riset dan dokumentasi dalam menciptakan aplikasi GNOME yang aksesibel.
• LibXML - library XML.

Banyak bahasa pemrogramam tersedia untuk penggembangan, sehingga aplikasi GNOME ditulis dalam bahasa yang beragam, seperti C++ (gtkmm), Java (java-gnome), Ruby (ruby-gnome2), C# (Gtk#), Perl (gtk2-perl), Tcl (Gnocl), dan masih banyak lagi. Bahasa yang sekarang digunakan dalam aplikasi resmi GNOME adalah C, C++, C#, python, dan Vala^[20].

Siklus Rilis

Setiap komponen produk perangkat lunak dalam proyek GNOME memiliki nomor versi dan jadwal rilis sendiri. Namun, setiap pengembang terkoordinasi untuk menciptakan perilisian GNOME yang stabil dalam jadwal enam bulan.
Perilisan GNOME berupa server FTP utama dalam bentuk source code dengan skrip konfigurasi, yang dikompilasi oleh sistem operasi dan diintegrasikan dengan sistem operasi sebelum didistribusikan. Biasanya sistem operasi hanya memakai versi stabil dan telah dites, dan menyediakannya dalam bentuk siap diinstall. Source code setiap versi stabil GNOME disimpan di GNOME Git source code repository.

Sejarah Perilisan

Perilisan Saat Ini

GNOME 3.2 Dirilis pada 28 September 2011 dan pada saat ini merupakan versi stabil terakhir desktop GNOME. Versi ini memberikan stabilitas pada GNOME Shell, dan pengembangan pada aplikasi GNOME. Fitur barunya adalah ketersediaan untuk menambahkan akun online, yang membuat GNOME dapat terintegrasi dengan servis online seperti Google Docs, Google Calendar, dan Google contacts; dan menu pengguna yang terbarukan. GNOME 3.2 juga memiliki aplikasi baru seperti GNOME Contacts, GNOME Documents dan GNOME Sushi file previewer, dukungan peramban Epiphany 3.2.

Perilisan Sebelumnya

GNOME 3.0 dirilis pada 6 April 2011^[21]. Sebelumnya diumumkan pada Juli 2008 pada konferensi GUADEC di Istanbul. Kode nama ToPaZ (Three Point Zero) diperkenalkan sekitar tahun 2005^[22]. Pada perilisan GNOME inilah GNOME Shell diperkenalkan.

Perilisan Masa Lalu

Versi 2.x yang terakhir adalah GNOME 2.32 yang dirilis September 2010. Perubahan pada versi ini meliputi peningkatan pada Emphaty IM Client, Evince, dan Nautilus file manager. 2.32 Adalah pelucuran terakhir sebelum versi 3.0^[23] . Tes, membuktikan GNOME 2(versi 2.29) membutuhkan lebih sedikit sumber daya perangkat keras dibanding KDE 4.4 namun lebih tinggi dari Xfce 4.6 dan LXDE 0.5. (yang berdasaarkan GTK+ juga).^[24]

Versi	Tanggal	Informasi
	Agustus 1997	Pengembangan GNOME diumumkan[25]
1.0	Maret 1999	Perilisan GNOME pertama[26]
1.2	Mei 2000	"Bongo"[27]
1.4	April 2001	"Tranquility"[28]
2.0	Juni 2002	Peningkatan berdasarkan GTK2. Perkenalan Human Interface Guidelines.[29]
2.2	Februari 2003	Peningkatan multimedia dan file manager.[30]
2.4	September 2003	"Temujin": Epiphany, dukungan aksesibilitas.[31]
2.6	Maret 2004	Nautilus berubah menjadi spatial file manager, dan GTK+ file dialog yang baru diperkenalkan. Distro GNOME yang berumur pendek, GoneME, diciptakan sebagai respon dari perilisan.[32]
2.8	September 2004	Peningkatan dukungan removable media, penambahan Evolution.[33]
2.10	Maret 2005	Kebutuhan memori yang lebih rendah dan peningkatan performa. Penambahan panel (modem control, drive mounter and trashcan); dan aplikasi Totem dan Sound Juicer.[34]
2.12	September 2005	Peningkatan Nautilus. Penambahan: Evince pembuka PDF; tema standar baru: Clearlooks; editor menu; manajer kunci dan peralaatan admin. Berdasarkan GTK+ 2.8.[35]
2.14	Maret 2006	Peningkatan performa (samapai 100% pada beberapa kasus); peningkatan aksesibilitas; GStreamer 0.10 multimedia framework. penambahan: Ekiga video conferencing aplikasi; Deskbar search tool; Pessulus lockdown editor; Fast user switching; Sabayon system administration tool.[36]
2.16	September 2006	Peningkatan performa. Penambahan: Tomboy aplikasi catatan; Baobab penganalisa disk; Orca pembaca layar; GNOME Power Manager (menambah daya tahan baterai); peningkatan pada Totem, Nautilus; compositing dukungan untuk Metacity; Tema ikon baru berdasarkan GTK+ 2.10.[37]
2.18	Maret 2007	Peningkatan performa. Penambahan: Seahorse GPG aplikasi sekuriti, pengenkripsi e-mail dan file; Baobab disk usage analyser ditingkatkan; Orca screen reader; peningkatan pada Evince, Epiphany and GNOME Power Manager, Volume control; dua game baru, GNOME Sudoku dan glchess. MP3 dan AAC audio encoding.[38]
2.20	September 2007	Rilis 10 tahun. Penambahan fungsi backup Evolution; peningkatan pada Epiphany, EOG, GNOME Power Manager; password keyring manajemen di Seahorse. Penambahan: pengeditan PDF di Evince;installer multimedia otomatis.[39]
2.22	March 2008	Penambahan Cheese, program untuk mengambil foto dari webcam dan Remote Desktop Viewer; dukungan jendela komposit Metacity; pengenalan of GVFS; dukungan tambahan untuk DVDs dan YouTube, MythTVdukungan pada Totem; (software)|Evolution]]; peningkatan pada Evince, Tomboy, Sound Juicer and Calculator.[40]
2.24	September 2008	Penambahan Empathy instant messenger, Ekiga 3.0, menjelajah bertab Nautilus,dukungan untuk layar multiple.[41]
2.26	March 2009	Program disc burning baru Brasero, file sharing simpel, peningkatan media player, dukungan untuk multiple monitors dan fingerprint reader.[42]
2.28	September 2009	Penambahan modul Bluetooth. Peningkatan pada Epiphany web browser, Empathy instant messenger, Time Tracker, dan accessibility. Peningkatan ke GTK+ version 2.18.[43]
2.30	March 2010	Peningkatan pada Nautilus file manager, Empathy IM client, Tomboy, Evince, Time Tracker, Epiphany, dan Vinagre. Menggunakan GTK+ 2.20.[44]
2.32	September 2010	Penambahan Rygel dan GNOME Color Manager. Peningkatan pada Empathy IM client, Evince, Nautilus file manager .[23]
3.0	April 2011	Pengenalan GNOME Shell. Kerangka yang didesain dengan lebih simpel dan terfokus. Tema baru. Adopsi GTK 3.0. Pencabutan APIs.[21]
3.2	September 2011	Dukungan Online Accounts, Web Applications, Contacts manager, Documents and Files manager. Peningkatan Integrasi. Peningkatan tampilan dan performa. [13]

KDE

K Desktop Environment

Desktop default pada KDE 4.2
Pengembang	Tim KDE
Rilis pertama	1998
Bahasa pemrograman	C++ Qt
Platform	Antar-platform (Linux, BSD, Solaris, Microsoft Windows, Mac OS X)
Bahasa	Multibahasa (lebih daripada 80 bahasa)
Status pengembangan	aktif
Jenis	Desktop environment
Lisensi	Lisensi Publik Umum GNU dan lain-lain[1]
Situs web	http://www.kde.org/

KDE (K Desktop Environment) adalah lingkungan desktop (desktop environment) dan platform pengembangan aplikasi yang dibangun dengan toolkit Qt dari Trolltech. KDE dapat ditemui pada berbagai sistem Unix, termasuk Linux, BSD, dan Solaris. KDE juga tersedia untuk Mac OS X dengan bantuan lapisan X11 dan untuk Microsoft Windows dengan bantuan Cygwin.
Keunggulan utama KDE adalah kemudahan pemakaian, fleksibilitas, portabitilis, dan kekayaan fitur. KDE dikembangkan sejalan dengan KDevelop, paket pengembangan perangkat lunak, dan KOffice, paket aplikasi office.
Huruf "K" mulanya adalah untuk "Kool", tetapi selanjutnya diganti menjadi "K" saja, yang berarti "Aksara pertama sebelum 'L' (untuk Linux) dalam alfabet Latin."

Ciri Khas

KDE memiliki ciri khas dalam hal penamaan software dengan hampir selalu menggunakan huruf K, seperti Konversation, Okular. Hal ini tidak selalu menjadi suatu keharusan karena ada juga berbagai default software di KDE yang tidak menggunakan huruf K seperti Gwenview.

Maskot

Maskot dari proyek KDE adalah naga hijau bernama Konqi. Konqi dapat dijumpai di berbagai aplikasi, termasuk tatkala user hendak log out dan pada layar "Tentang KDE".

Arsitektur

Beberapa teknologi penting yang menjadi landasan infrastruktur KDE adalah:

• Qt - tookit untuk widget grafis
• aRts - soundserver
• DCOP - sistem komunikasi antarproses
• KHTML - HTML engine
• KIO - akses file dengan dukungan jaringan
• Kiosk -
• KParts - kerangka komponen in-process
• Kwin - window manager
• KConfigXT - pengelola konfigurasi
• XMLUI - antarmuka yang didefinisikan menggunakan file XML

Tonggak Sejarah

• 14 Oktober 1996: Proyek diumumkan oleh Matthias Ettrich. [1]
• 12 Juli 1998: KDE 1.0 dirilis
• 6 Februari 1999: KDE 1.1 dirilis
  • 3 Mei 1999: KDE 1.1.1 dirilis
  • 13 September 1999: KDE 1.1.2 dirilis(KDE 1.2 telah direncakan, tetapi tidak pernah dirilis)
• 15 Desember 1999: KDE 1.89, atau Krash (rilis tidak stabil)
• 23 Oktober 2000: KDE 2.0 dirilis
  • 5 Desember 2000: KDE 2.0.1 dirilis
• 26 Februari 2001: KDE 2.1 dirilis
  • 27 Maret 2001: KDE 2.1.1 dirilis
  • 30 April 2001: KDE 2.1.2 dirilis
• 15 Agustus 2001: KDE 2.2 dirilis
  • 19 September 2001: KDE 2.2.1 dirilis
  • 21 November 2001: KDE 2.2.2 dirilis
• 3 April 2002: KDE 3.0 dirilis
  • 22 Mei 2002: KDE 3.0.1 dirilis
  • 2 Juli 2002: KDE 3.0.2 dirilis
  • 19 Agustus 2002: KDE 3.0.3 dirilis
  • 9 Oktober 2002: KDE 3.0.4 dirilis
  • 18 November 2002: KDE 3.0.5 dirilis
  • 21 Desember 2002: KDE 3.0.5a dirilis
• 28 Januari 2003: KDE 3.1 dirilis
  • 20 Maret 2003: KDE 3.1.1 dirilis
  • 9 April 2003: KDE 3.1.1a dirilis
  • 19 Mei 2003: KDE 3.1.2 dirilis
  • 29 Juli 2003: KDE 3.1.3 dirilis
  • 16 September 2003: KDE 3.1.4 dirilis
  • 14 Januari 2004: KDE 3.1.5 dirilis
• 3 Februari 2004: KDE 3.2 dirilis
  • 9 Maret 2004: KDE 3.2.1 dirilis
  • 19 April 2004: KDE 3.2.2 dirilis
  • 9 Juni 2004: KDE 3.2.3 dirilis
• 19 Agustus 2004: KDE 3.3 dirilis
  • 12 Oktober 2004: KDE 3.3.1 dirilis
  • 8 Desember 2004: KDE 3.3.2 dirilis
• 16 Maret 2005: KDE 3.4 dirilis
  • 31 Mei 2005: KDE 3.4.1 dirilis
  • 28 Juli 2005: KDE 3.4.2 dirilis
  • 13 Oktober 2005: KDE 3.4.3 dirilis
• 29 November 2005: KDE 3.5 dirilis
  • 31 Januari 2006: KDE 3.5.1 dirilis
  • 28 Maret 2006: KDE 3.5.2 dirilis
  • 31 Mei 2006: KDE 3.5.3 dirilis
  • 2 Agustus 2006: KDE 3.5.4 dirilis
  • 11 Oktober 2006: KDE 3.5.5 dirilis
  • 25 Januari 2007: KDE 3.5.6 dirilis

Ubuntu 11.04 or Natty Narwhal (code name) is the successor to Ubuntu 10.10 (Lucid Lynx), with a lot of major improvements in user interface and interaction (it’s more slick, fast and better looking than its previous versions).
Ubuntu 11.04 has Unity Desktop as the default desktop (although classic desktops are also available in login menu), instead of GNOME as you expected (because Ubuntu has been using gnome from the beginning). Some other features has been added – e.g Ubuntu Software Center has now ratings (in terms of stars) and reviews(in the form of comments) available for each application, Windows options has been shifted to panel (top),which appears on Mouse Hover…and so on. Ubuntu has now become the most popular Linux distribution among the desktop users. it’s open source, free, user friendly, fast and in short ..it’s a lot of Fun!
Ubuntu 11.04 can be installed in many ways – You can install it from USB(Universal Serial Bus) or CD (or you can just boot your system from Live CD/Pendrive without affecting your existing operating system on your computer). In this post, I’ll cover both the methods – step by step with full explanation - installing Ubuntu from USB as well as from CD/DVD. This guide will help you in installing Ubuntu in parallel with other OS like Windows 7, if you want only Ubuntu, then it’s much easier, but not recommended if you play a lot of Games or you use some softwares that is windows dependent.

Installing Ubuntu 11.04 from USB Drive

step #1 : Download the ISO Image from it’s official website. Select the correct architecture and download the iso file.
Download Ubuntu 11.04
step #2 : Create a bootable USB  using  Universal USB Installer (a windows application that will create a bootable/live USB from the ISO file of Linux Distros, it supports a number of Linux Distros including Ubuntu 11.04 ).
First,  Download USB Installer and execute it, you will get a windows something like this (On Windows 7) -
Select the Ubuntu 11.04 in Linux Distribution menu and locate the ISO File(You got it in step #1), although in most of the case it will automatically detect it. Now, select the USB Drive, which you want to make bootable, check the format option if you haven’t already formatted it. Then the click on Create button to begin the process..wait for few minutes until the installation process is complete.
step #3 : Now restart your computer and boot from USB (If there’s any problem then Change BIOS settings to enable USB booting or change the priority order..). Then select – install Ubuntu to your hard drive from boot menu or click on ‘install Ubuntu’ after live booting from USB. Now a lot of screenshots(That I’ve taken during the installation stage) will help you -

After selecting the language, click on Forward button. In next window, you will be asked to ensure that – your system satisfies its minimum requirements – like 4.4 GB Drive space, and it’s recommended to have Internet Connection (Preferably Wired,Wireless might works but I haven’t tested) during installation (so that it can download the necessary packages and updates)

step #4 : Now this is the most critical step, where most people feel difficult in dealing with Ubuntu or any other Linux Distros.

If you haven’t installed any other version of Ubuntu then you will get only two option -
Option – 1 : Erase Everything and Reinstall – it will delete everything (all the data/files and other OS like Windows 7) and reinstall Ubuntu 11.04 on your hard drive. If you select this option then you can skip few steps, although it’s not recommended, better go for second option.
Option – 2 : Something Else / Advanced Partition – it’s not so difficult as it seems. No files will be deleted and if you are using Windows 7 and want to use both Windows and Ubuntu in parallel, then this is the correct option for you. When you choose this option 2nd,
Now select the hard drive(if you have more than one), then the partition, where you want to install. After selecting the partition, first un-allocate/delete, then select that free space and click on Add. Then specify the details like -

• Partition Type – ‘Primary’
• File System – ‘Ext4′
• Mount Point – ‘/’
• Beginning

Then click on ‘Install Now’ button to proceed.
step #5 : Now Enter some basic information during the installation procedure and hit Forward button.
Your Geo-Graphical Location – Select your country from the Map

Then, select the keyboard Layout, leave it default if you aren’t sure.

Then Enter some basic information like – Your Name , Computer Name, Login Info (Username, and Password).

Then relax (or You may skip some language packs during the installation to reduce the installation time) until the installation is complete.
step #6 : That’s All. Did you expect more steps, sorry to disappoint you.. Restart the computer.
Here is a Snapshot of Fresh installed Ubuntu 11.04 (If you don’t like the default desktop unity then switch to the GNOME in the login window)-

Installing Ubuntu 11.04 from CD

Procedure is same as described above, just skip the 2nd,3rd and 4th steps, Instead of that burn the ISO file to CD or DVD and restart your computer. Then follow the steps 4 and 5 as described above.
If you have any problem during installation, then let us know, Reply through the comment box.
Have Fun! with Ubuntu 11.04

SRI International is developing a process that combines coal and natural gas to produce liquid transportation fuels that are substantially cleaner and cheaper to make than existing synthetic fuels.
SRI claims its process addresses three liabilities that have slowed the commercialization of the technology. By blending some natural gas into the conventional coal-to-liquids (CTL) process, the private research lab, based in Menlo Park, California, claims to have eliminated CTL's carbon footprint, slashed water consumption by over 70 percent, and more than halved its capital cost.
Chan Park, a gasification and synthetic fuels expert at the University of California, Riverside's Center for Environmental Research & Technology, cautions that SRI's work is at an early stage. But Park says the process "could be really exciting" as a domestic alternative to petroleum fuel in coal and gas-rich countries such as the U.S.—if it can be demonstrated at pilot scale.
SRI's process is the fruit of a 2008 solicitation by the Pentagon's Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) seeking a cheap, carbon-free CTL process for producing jet fuel. DARPA awarded SRI $1,612,905 to pursue a novel concept: using methane from natural gas as a hydrogen source instead of water in a new CTL process.
Conventional CTL plants blend pure oxygen, steam, and coal at high temperatures and pressures, generating carbon monoxide and hydrogen gas that can be catalytically combined to synthesize liquid hydrocarbon fuels. The gasification also generates carbon dioxide, partly from the combustion of some coal with the pure oxygen, and partly through undesirable reactions between water and carbon.
In SRI's process, methane preheated to 600 °C displaces much of the water required, thus reducing the unwanted reaction with the coal. The methane also reduces the amount of heat absorbed by the gasification process, eliminating the need for oxygen and combustion to maintain the 1,400 to 1,500 °C temperatures the process requires. As a result SRI says it can eliminate the use of oxygen-fired combustion that the process requires, making do with zero-carbon renewable or nuclear power instead.
Skipping oxygen not only eliminates a source of carbon dioxide, but contributes substantial cost savings by eliminating the need for an oxygen plant. Further savings are achieved through more efficient fuel synthesis.

Tis the season of fresh resolutions, still glittery with promise before time constraints, reality and your extreme laziness settle over them like a moist gray tarnish.
Looking back on 2011, we've dished up some social media advice that could very well stave off that sad day in early spring when you come across your scribbled-down "2012 GOALS," all multicolored highlighters and bubble letters, and weep softly.
So, whistles blaring, puffing with unusual optimism and pep, we, your resident netiquette drill sergeants, dispense the following tools to help you achieve your dreams in the big 1-2.
I resolve to fall in love.
Since that whole join-a-bowling-league advice your mom gave you isn't working out so well (Memo to mothers of the world: Gutter balls, mozzarella sticks and horrifying color-block shoes are not a recipe for love.), you'll probably need to sign up for online dating.
First off: Avoid putting up a terrible profile picture. No dreaded MySpace shots, no pictures of you in a crowd of better-looking friends or children who may or may not be yours -- just you, looking like you do in 2012, preferably with something interesting in the background (you playing Velcro toss in the park, you at the World's Largest Ball of Twine, you goofing around in a culturally appropriate manner on the Great Wall of China).
Now, get over your fear of rejection and send some cute messages (Dos are here, don'ts are here.). Congrats! You're online dating! You're like 1/793rd of the way to engagement. Now take it offline and don't screw it up.
I resolve to find more "me" time.
How can you find an extra 23.5 hours per month?! (Ooh, we know this one! We've got it! Teacher, pick me!)
That's how much time the average user was spending on Facebook last spring, and since the number of active users has blown up since then, the minutes we're devoting to the site may very well have, too. Some users (and some experts, though the two groups surely aren't mutually exclusive -- anyone else familiar with the term confirmation bias?) assert that social media is making it easier than ever to maintain friendships.
But it's pretty hard to call those blank-eyed hours of liking and commenting and scrolling through photos of that cool girl from high school who now has 11 children "me time."
Set a rule that works for you (no FB after 10 p.m., a 15-minute max on browsing time, whatever) and soon you'll recall that hanging out alone is a good deal more fun than clicking, zombie-like, through 487 snaps of yourself.
I resolve to be a better friend.
Young folks: The way to really reconnect is not more Facebook messages or impersonal retweets, it's that handy gadget you sometimes use to order pizza (i.e. the phone).
Mother Nature designed us to gather tons of information from people's voices -- info we just can't infer from the written word, no matter how many emoticons we include. So find a few minutes while you're preparing dinner or cleaning your room or whatever to give your buds the benefit of some voice-on-voice action.
Another good-karma-earning move you can make: Be nice to the annoying snots who just won't leave you alone. It's oh so tempting to give an eager job seeker, a shilling PR person or a clueless suitor the silent treatment in the hopes they'll just go away, but we talked it over with the morality police and they agree that polite rejection is the classiest course of action.
A related hot tip: Don't lie to one person so you can hang out with another, leaving behind an easily sniffed trail of photos and Foursquare check-ins and hurting that blown-off friend to her very core. Pinocchios rarely prosper.
Oh these? These would be your angel wings. Enjoy.
I resolve to find a new job.
You're not alone: One in three American workers is seriously thinking about leaving his or her job, according to a massive survey from Mercer. Tread a bit lightly if you're job-searching whilst employed; if you're sending out cover letters during work hours, for example, your potential employers might just worry you're going to carry your sneaky ways along to your next cubicle.
When you've actually found a position that sounds like a fit, apply meticulous care to your e-mail application: Paste your cover letter into the body of the message, attach your resume as a PDF, and use a clear subject line that includes both your name and the job you're applying for. (And yes, get the hiring manager's name and gender right. One of these humble netiquetters has trashed a goodly number of cover letters addressed to a "Mr. Bartz.")
Don't forget to shower interviewers with well-written thank-you notes. Accept your swank new position. You're welcome.

"Learn to program" isn't a typical New Year's resolution, but it's one that's gone viral thanks to a clever campaign by Codecademy, a startup that helps newbies learn the basics of software coding.
The New York-based venture kicked off 2012 by launching Code Year. Sign up for the free project and you'll receive an interactive programming lesson each week in your inbox. Nearly 200,000 people have already joined, including New York Mayor Michael Bloomberg, who tweeted about his plan to participate.
"There are a lot of people who want to make New Year's resolutions they'll stick to," says Codecademy co-founder Zach Sims. "This is something they can use and learn."
The first lesson will go out to subscribers on Monday, Jan. 9. Participants will have plenty of support: The Twitter hashtag #codeyear is already buzzing.
"We'll walk people along the path while they're doing it," Sims says.
After coming up with the Code Year idea in early December, the Codecademy team partnered with tech communities including Y Combinator, TechStars and HackNY to spread the word.
It's the most ambitious project yet attempted by seven-month-old Codecademy. Launched in June, the site offers free, self-guided online courses on programming basics as well as on specific coding languages like Javascript.
Sims notes that programming skills are becoming increasingly important in the job market, and says that learning even the basics can give users a leg up.

For years, bloggers and other netizens have repeated: "A link is not an endorsement."
Now it appears that we have to add, "a 'like, 'follow' or 'retweet' is not an endorsement, either."
That's the only way to respond to the wave of breathless news stories and fancy web tools claiming to divine all kinds of correlations between Twitter buzz or Facebook followers and how the GOP presidential candidates will fare in the primaries.
The worst of the new wave is The Washington Post's new MentionMachine tool "that monitors Twitter and media across the Web for political candidate mentions, revealing trends and spikes that show where the conversation is and why." It claims that "growth in the numbers of legitimate followers or a high recurrence of retweets are both indicative of growing grass-roots support."
Groan.
Actually, growth in followers or high numbers of retweets are just an indication of notoriety or celebrity. Saying simple, stupid things that lots of people want to tell their peers about can get you tons of followers and retweets. But it doesn't mean anything definitive about grass-roots support. Otherwise, right now we'd be talking about Herman Cain's amazing victory in Iowa. (Need I remind you of when he was getting headlines topping the Facebook "buzz" charts)
These are empty information calories, to borrow a phrase from Clay Johnson's timely new book, The Information Diet. Eat them at your own risk, for they can make you really dumb.
This isn't to say that campaigns should ignore social media, or that efforts by voters to influence the election by organizing online are pointless. But just because you can count something and chart it doesn't mean you've proven anything.
Take, for example, Newt Gingrich's 1.4 million Twitter followers. On Huffington Post, Alan Rosenblatt demolishes the notion that this means he's popular among Republicans. Half of those accounts aren't in the United States. And half of all Twitter accounts aren't even active.
Newt's numbers are a sign of online longevity and notoriety, not much more.
Rick Santorum's late surge in Iowa should also put the mania for tracking online buzz into perspective. All of last year, he trailed the pack online. Meanwhile, he worked Iowa the old-fashioned way and did his best to tap into a social network that is more locally rooted than anything Facebook or Twitter has to offer.
That is, the evangelical church.
As the other candidates with a claim on that community started to fall away, Santorum's fortunes started to rise. And then in late December he got really lucky, sidestepping the negative attention and negative advertising that battered some of the other top-tier candidates while peaking at just the right time.
Now the issue isn't how many new followers Santorum may get online, but how well he engages them and converts these low-level indications of interest into money, volunteers and votes. So far, the tidings aren't great. As my colleagues Sarah Lai Stirland and Nick Judd pointed out yesterday, Santorum's website wasn't quite up to the task of handling the burst of traffic he earned Tuesday night, potentially costing him millions in overnight donations.
Nor does his site offer supporters a way to self-organize, the way My.BarackObama.com or MyMitt.com invites supporters to start their own profile pages or set up their own house parties and fundraisers. (And I haven't even mentioned the Santorum campaign's failure to successfully address his "Google problem," which Search Engine Land's Danny Sullivan dissects at great length today.)
Online politics is complicated and requires a level of technological literacy that most people, reporters included, simply lack. So as you encounter breathless headlines about the role of social media in the 2012 election, or how the race is going to be won or lost on Facebook or Twitter or whatever, just remember this: a link, or a follow, or a retweet, is about as meaningful as a glance or a nod.
It's an indication of fairly low-level interest, nothing more. Organizing all those glances or nods into something powerful -- that's what really matters.
The opinions expressed in this commentary are solely those of Micah Sifry.

On this week's Tech Check podcast, Doug Gross, Brandon Griggs and Mark Milian predict the biggest tech trends that will emerge from next week's Consumer Electronics Show.
Held in Las Vegas, CES is the year's biggest few days in the gadget world, acting as a coming-out party for major electronics makers, and some smaller ones, to show off their most impressive upcoming offerings.
We discuss tablet computers, high-tech TVs and more -- as well as noting some of the big names that won't be at the show.
"Star Wars: The Old Republic" continues to draw in millions of gamers since its release shortly before Christmas. Mark wrote about years, the tens (maybe hundreds?) of millions of dollars and the massive cast that went into making the game. We talk about how it's being received so far and how it fits with other major game releases.
Our Reader Comments of the Week come from a recent story urging readers to make five Web-behavior resolutions for the New Year. (Those copy-past Facebook status updates? Please, please, stop.)
And our Tech Fail of the Week is handed to just about everything about 80-year-old media mogul Rupert Murdoch's first week on Twitter.
To listen to Tech Check, click on the audio box to the left. To subscribe, you can add Tech Check to your RSS feed here. You can also listen, or subscribe, on iTunes or using mobile apps like Stitcher.
(Note: We at CNN Tech have also finally gotten around to creating one of those Facebook pages you keep hearing about. Hop over there and throw us a "like" to keep up with all the news we'll be discussing next week).

Members of Congress may be on vacation, but that hasn't calmed critics who say an effort to stamp out online piracy would create an unprecedented threat to free speech on the Internet.
Far from fading from memory, the Stop Online Piracy Act (along with a related Senate bill) has become a rallying point for Web freedom advocates in a debate that has pitted Hollywood and other business interests against some of the biggest titans of the technology world.
Interest in the debate spiked again this week when one of the bill's opponents suggested that online heavyweights such as Google, Facebook, Amazon and Twitter had considered a "nuclear option" -- temporarily shutting down their sites in protest -- to raise awareness about the bills, which await lawmakers when they return this month.
When contacted by CNN, none of those companies would confirm that such a drastic move had ever been considered. By Friday, the advocate whose comments had fueled the speculation appeared to back away from claims that a Web blackout was still likely to occur.
"Internet and technology companies will continue to educate policymakers and other stakeholders on the problems with the (legislation)," Markham Erickson, director of Web trade association NetCoalition, said in a statement. "An 'Internet blackout' would obviously be both drastic and unprecedented."
Part of the urgency comes from critics' fears that the legislation, which has opponents and supporters on both sides of the political aisle, is going to move quickly once Congress reconvenes.
Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid, a Democrat, has announced plans to push that chamber's companion bill, the Protect IP Act, as soon as they return January 23. Sen. Ron Wyden of Oregon, also a Democrat, and other senators have promised to filibuster, a move that would prevent leaders from calling for a vote until the following day.
"We hope that the Senate will cancel its scheduled vote on PIPA so that we can get back to working with members on how to address the concerns raised by the (Motion Picture Association of America) and others without threatening our nation's security or future innovation and jobs," Erickson said.
The future of SOPA itself is a little murkier. It was being considered in a House committee last month, when the wave of protests and proposed amendments from members lead that committee's chairman to postpone consideration until later.
Both bills are intended to help put a stop to foreign websites that illegally post, and sometimes sell, intellectual property from the United States. Federal law-enforcement agencies would be empowered to shut down those sites and cut off advertising and online payments to them.
At stake, say supporters, are American jobs. Every free piece of content scraped to be sold, or given away, online takes money out of the pockets of record companies, movie producers and other content creators and their millions of employees.
Pharmaceutical companies, sports leagues and video-game makers have also voiced support.
"Especially in this time of economic recovery, we cannot stand by and watch while American companies and the jobs they support are being bled by foreign criminals who are taking advantage of a massive loophole in our law enforcement capabilities," wrote Steve Tepp, who works on counterfeiting and piracy issues for the U.S. Chamber of Commerce. "These illicit enterprises are not tolerated in the brick and mortar marketplace, so why would we allow them to flourish unchecked online?"
The pro-legislation Copyright Alliance cites a report from the International Chamber of Commerce saying that piracy and counterfeiting cost businesses $775 billion annually and puts 2.5 million jobs at risk worldwide.
Some of the amendments proposed in Congress would ensure that the bill applied only to foreign-based websites. But with multiple versions flying around the Capitol, and legislation prone to being tweaked right up until the last minute, critics fear that its impact could be chilling.
Sergey Brin, co-founder of Google, has been outspoken against the efforts.
The bills "give the U.S. government and copyright holders extraordinary powers including the ability to hijack DNS (the Internet's naming system) and censor search results (and this is even without so much as a proper court trial)," Brin wrote last month on his Google+ page as Congress was considering the measures. "While I support their goal of reducing copyright infringement (which I don't believe these acts would accomplish), I am shocked that our lawmakers would contemplate such measures that would put us on a par with the most oppressive nations in the world."
The list of companies that signed off on a NetCoalition statement condemning SOPA reads like a who's-who of the Internet. Yahoo, Zynga, Twitter, eBay, Foursquare, AOL, Mozilla, Etsy and LinkedIn are just some of the names.
In addition to putting existing sites at risk, critics say the piracy bills could hurt innovation by making investors less likely to sink money into start-up sites that could be shut down if the run afoul of the law.
Critics overwhelmingly agree that something needs to be done to combat online piracy. Many, including Google and Facebook, support a more-limited proposal by Wyden and Republican Rep. Daniel Issa, called the OPEN Act, which they say would combat digital piracy without giving license to shut down legitimate websites.
"Butchering the Internet is not a way forward for America," Issa said when the plan was introduced last month. "The OPEN Act empowers owners of intellectual property by targeting overseas infringers while protecting the rights of lawful Internet entrepreneurs and users."
As happens on the Internet, passions have run high as opponents have tried to mobilize.
Web registrar and hosting company GoDaddy reaped the Internet whirlwind for its support of the act. A massive effort to convince people to move their sites to other hosts was launched on Reddit and other sites. Eventually, GoDaddy announced that it had reconsidered its position.
In response to a post on tech blog CNET, in which the author calls the motion-picture association "evil" and says "Hollywood wants the Internet to die," Recording Industry Association of America Chairman Cary Sherman called for a calmer debate while taking a shot at one of the tech industry's biggest names.
"It is ironic sometimes that we are faulted for protecting our rights. Yet technology companies like Apple are among the most litigious defenders of their intellectual property patent rights," Sherman wrote in a response column. "I suspect that regardless of what we do, some critics ... will attack us.
"But surely there is a place for reasoned conversation, for rational discourse, for genuine efforts to understand each other."